Essay Apocalypse Now / Heart of Darkness - 862 Words

When Joseph Conrad sat down to write Heart of Darkness over a century ago he decided to set his tale amidst his own countrys involvement in the African Congo. Deep in the African jungle his character would make his journey to find the Captain gone astray. Over eighty years later Francis Ford Coppolas Willard would take his journey not in Afica but in the jungles of South Asia. Coppolas Film, Apocalypse Now uses the backdrop of the American Vietnam War yet the similarities between the Conrads novel and Coppolas film remains constant and plenty. In 1899 when Conrad first published his story in Blackwoods Magazine the British Empire was the dominant global empire. To the common British man or any British man the emblem of savagry was†¦show more content†¦Their unravelling of what makes them to be considered civilized and the exotic backdrop is not unlike the British and their exploits in Africa that go along with Conrads novel. The parellels between Conrads and Coppolas chosen settings even go right down into the backbone of the politcal background. British and United States policy has been to extend their hand of uprighteousness culture onto another. This is done by a brutal conquering and then reformation. In Apocalypse Now the line was used quot;Cutem in half with a machine gun and givem a band-aid.quot; Destroy them and then fix them up or at very least give the appearance of help for world stage. The man known as Marlow is the ever thinking expeditionist in Conrads Heart of Darkness. Captain Benjamin Willard is the rugged soldier that exists as Marlows likeness in Copollas film . There are direct similiarities to these two men other then the fact that they are from dominant angelo powers and are directed on a mission to find a man gone missing. Both of these men are insightful and have an eye looking to those around them. Marlow doesnt entirely trust the company he works for the same that can be said about Willard as he does declare their words to be quot;Lies all Lies.quot; Willard and Marlow areShow MoreRelatedHeart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now808 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad and â€Å"Apocalypse Now†, a movie directed by Francis Coppola represent two outstanding examples that compare relevant ideas regarding racism, colonialism, and prejudices. The two combine film along with descriptive language to portray their mastery during dif ferent eras. For Heart of Darkness, Conrad uses his writing techniques to illustrate Marlow in the Congo, while in â€Å"Apocalypse Now†, Coppola uses film editing and close ups on important scenes with uniqueRead More Elements of Darkness in Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness1263 Words   |  6 PagesElements of Darkness in Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness certain elements of darkness attempt to show how deep one must look inside themselves to discover the truth. Conrad portrays the idea of the darkness of the human heart through things such as the interior of the jungle and its immensity, the Inner Station, and Kurtzs own twisted deeds. Coppolas heart of darkness is represented by the madness of the Vietnam War and how even to lookRead MoreHeart of Darkness vs. Apocalypse Now1031 Words   |  5 Pagesoutstanding feat. Francis Ford Coppola s Apocalypse Now did not only that, but won Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Best Sound. Coppola can not take all the credit for this enlightening movie. The film was loosely based off of Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness. Though Conrad was not credited in Apocalypse Now, his novella has a great impact on Coppola s cinematic masterpiece. Captain Benjamin Willard of Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness s Marlow are very much alike. Both are sentRead MoreHeart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesENGLISH EXTENSION ESSAY – Heart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now The dark core of human nature has been a timeless notion, explored and extrapolated by many literary critics. Both the core text,  Heart of Darkness  by Joseph Conrad and its film appropriation,  Apocalypse Now  directed by Francis Ford Coppola, ignite interest as to question whether  humans are essentially creatures of dark nature when stripped down to bare essentials. When these are linked to values of greed and hunger for power and dominationRead MoreSimilarities Between Heart Of Darkness And Apocalypse Now922 Words   |  4 Pages The Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, illustrates one’s voyage on the Congo River, into the heart of darkness of Africa, told by the narrator Charles Marlow. Similar to the novel, Apocalypse Now focuses on a captain in the Vietnam War ordered to assassinate a colonel, named Kurtz. Each of these works convey an important time in American history, highlighting the era of imperialism and that of the Vietnam War. Overall, Apocalypse Now can be seen as a direct parallel to Heart of Darkness, shownRead More Comparing Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness   Ã‚   In the opening scenes of the documentary film Hearts of Darkness-A Filmmakers Apocalypse, Eleanor Coppola describes her husband Franciss film, Apocalypse Now, as being loosely based on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness. Indeed, loosely is the word; the period, setting, and circumstances of the film are totally different from those of the novella. Yet, a close analysis of character, plot, and theme in each respective work reveals thatRead MoreParallels Between Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now1871 Words   |  8 PagesVarious parallels can be drawn when comparing and contrasting Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and Frank Coppolas Apocalypse Now, while taking into consideration Heart of Darkness is a novella and Apocalypse Now is a film. These differences and similarities can be seen in themes, characters, events and other small snippets of information including anything from quoted lines to strange actions of the main characters. Both pieces follow the same story line but they are presented in differentRead MoreSimilarities Of Imperialism In Heart Of Darkness And Apocalypse Now830 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarity present in all 3 stories. In the Heart of Darkness European Imperialism and its’ cruelty is displayed, while in Apocalypse Now we see American Imperialism fighting the Vietnam War. Hearts of darkness also has some imperialism, but it is hidden in metaphors, showing ‘’imperialism’’ of human soul. Next, main protagonist is sent to explore ‘’the darkness’’, in Heart of Darkness it is Marlow, in Apocalypse now it is Willard and in the Hearts of Darkness it is director and Frencis Coppela’s wifeRead More Varying Interpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now2628 Words   |  11 PagesInterpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now   Ã‚  Ã‚   The true meaning of varying interpretations comes alive when one compares the two film versions of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now have the same basic outline and underlying themes, however the plots, characters, settings, time, purposes, and points of view differ enough to create two extremely different effects and two entirely opposite movies. Both movies depict an insanity: of man in Heart of DarknessRead More A Comparison of the Power of Will in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now1893 Words   |  8 PagesWill in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of Heart of Darkness was adapted to film after many failed attempts. (Hearts of Darkness, Coppala E.). Finally, director Francis Coppala collaborated with his friend John Milius on writing a screen play for Conrads masterpiece. The two came up with Apocalypse Now, utilizing a more modern setting than the original story which was based in imperialistic Europe. The modern setting was that of the Vietnam war. Apocalypse Now focuses

The Growing Problem of Teenage Violence in Schools Today...

The Growing Problem of Teenage Violence in Schools Today There is a growing problem with teenage violence today in school. The problem is teenagers are getting more and more violent. Many of them resort to violence as a way to deal with anger and stress. Most of teenage violence starts with the so called thugs who think they rule the school. Not just the thugs but anybody in general who thinks they can beat up on people and act all tough and push everyone around. Another source of this violence is the outcasts or nerds that the bullies pick on because they’re different, but the worst type of violence is racism, like Nazis who hate people because of there race, religion, or there sexual preference. This violence may be coming from†¦show more content†¦Like, if al your older brothers and sisters smoke pot, and all of your cousins smoke pot, that person will most likely smoke pot eventually, at least once, so this could possibly cause violence behavior also. Music also plays a factor in violence at school is the music a p erson listens to. I don’t think that just because someone has a Metalica c.d. is violent, or everyone with a Dave Mathews Band c.d. is not violent, but if your listening to some body singing about killing, or beating somebody, that might just encourage somebody to do it by listening to other people doing it. One last reason for violence is TV. role models. If you look up to 2Pac, you may grow up to not care at all, because of his violent movies, and teenagers may think that if you die by a gun, it is honorable to die the same way 2Pac did, but most people don’t not get shot for no reason, so they will start fights with people. If you look up to The Rock, or other wresters, you may grow up wrestling and punching for fun with your friends, and then you grow up fighting, so this will lead to violent aggressions if someone ticks you off one day, so you will bash some guy’s head in who slept with your girlfriend. As you can see violence problem in school, one possibl e salutation to this problem, is to legalize marijuana and urge students to smoke before school and in the bathrooms. It’s really not that outrageousShow MoreRelatedGangs and Teenage Violence Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesGangs and Teenage Violence A gang is a group of people who interact among themselves. Teen violence is contributed to these gangs. Most gangs claim neighborhoods as their territory and try to control everything inside that territory. This kind of antisocial behavior is a major problem in American Society. Gang members are typical members of the same ethnic group. Fear and hatred for people of another race is called xenophobia. People who are victims of racism are often racistsRead MoreThe Issue Of Teenage Gun Violence1320 Words   |  6 Pages Teenage Gun Violence Nicole Minor Union University . Abstract Teenage gun violence is on the rise. Gun violence has become a major problem for America. We have more privately owned guns than any other country. This could be one of the reasons that guns are being used by teens, because of the access they have to guns. The availability of guns to our youth is making the world unsafe. Although lawmakers are working on gun control laws, I wonder is the problem tooRead MoreEssay On Teenage Gun Violence1314 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Teenage gun violence is on the rise. Gun violence has become a major problem for America. We have more privately owned guns than any other country. This could be one of the reasons that guns are being used by teens, because of the access they have to guns. The availability of guns to our youth is making the world unsafe. Although lawmakers are working on gun control laws, I wonder is the problem too far gone. Social Welfare Issue: Teenage Gun Violence Teenage gun violence is caused by individualsRead More Teenage Suicide Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Suicide Each day 86 Americans take their own lives and another 1,500 attempts to do so. Even more disturbing is that suicide among a young people nation wide have increased dramatically in recent years. In fact thousands of teenagers each year commit suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among young adults aged 15-24. With the first two leading causes being unintentional injury and homicide. There are many reasons why teenagers feel the need to take their own life. They are atRead MoreThe Growing Problem of Teenage Depression in Todays Society Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe Growing Problem of Teenage Depression in Todays Society Teenage depression is a growing problem in todays society and is often a major contributing factor for a multitude of adolescent problems. The statistics about teenage runaways, alcoholism, drug problems, pregnancy, eating disorders, and suicide are alarming. Even more startling are the individual stories behind these statistics because the young people involved come from all communities, all economic levels, and all home situations-anyonesRead MoreEssay on Teenage Pregnancy and Prevention1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe public sector cost in 2004 is $950 million dollars for teenage births (Hoffman, 2006). Billions of taxpayer dollars are spent every year to care and support teenage births. Although teen pregnancy has declined in the past, the United States is still number one out of all industrialized countries of teen pregnancies. Therefore, implementing an in depth sex education class covering parenting in schools will allow teens to fully understand he consequences of having prot ected or unprotected sex.Read MoreTeen Suicide Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Suicide Suicide is a growing problem in American culture. Sadly, teens are affected the most. Teen suicide is increasing rapidly. â€Å"About 5,000 teens in the United States kill themselves each year† (Peacock, 4). Suicide among teens is a serious and devastating crisis. More teens are taking their lives today than ever before. Teen suicide does not affect one specific type of teen; it affects any type of teen. There are a variety of reasons teens resort to committing suicide. Many people are workingRead MorePreventing Mass School Shootings Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to solve the problem of violence in schools, we must first find out who the problem is. Being that not every teenager is prone to participate in such violent acts as what happened at Columbine, there must be specific environment imposed on a particular biology to turn a teenager into an Eric Harris or a Dylan Klebold. These are not normal, healthy teenagers, and they don’t just become killers overn ight. They become killers because they are already deeply disturbed individuals who canRead MoreHow do you remember your childhood, or your idealized world of being a child? In remembrance of1100 Words   |  5 Pagesyour idealized world of being a child? In remembrance of their younger years, most would say it was their most wonderful and joyous years of their life. Most would tell you that they almost never really had a care in the world, that is, outside of school, homework, what are the best cartoons to watch on television, and making sure you were home before curfew. Although, most everyday people you see walking along the street could claim this statement, imagine if you, yourself, never had the chance toRead MoreIncreasing Violence Amongst Youth1420 Words   |  6 PagesYouth violence is an increasing concern in our society. Violence, as defined in Websters online dictionary, is an intense, turbulent or furious and often destructive action or exertion of (physical) force so as to injure or abuse. There is a growing perception that there is a steady rise in violence amongst todays youth, and with this increased attention, comes many sources of blame for their actions, however, all but one are simply excuses. There is a lack of hard evidence to support the

The Reason I Love Hawaii Essay Example For Students

The Reason I Love Hawaii Essay What is paradise? Paradise is a place of beauty, delight or heaven, and we all have that in our life. For me, I have some special places, but Hawaii is one in particular that I had a good time with my family. Hawaii is a significant place with attractive sceneries, activities to do and a welcoming atmosphere. One reason I love Hawaii is there are some of the most heavenly sceneries in the world. First, Hawaii has many beautiful beaches with different colors and a very distinct smell. For example, behind Kaunaoa beach is a beautiful scenery of waterfalls and mountains engulfed in fog or the yellow sand beach in Coast Wailea with clear waters, clean and wide beach. Even one green sand beach in Papakolea was formed thousands of years ago by the flooding of a volcanic crater. My mother and I really liked hearing the blue ocean calling out to us with its soothing voice. Swimming in the ocean is so relaxing, we specially enjoyed it when the water was the perfect temperature. Second, some of the most beautiful sceneries that Hawaii has are fantastic mountains. Much of the mountains sit below the ocean. Gradually rising from the ocean floor, my parents really liked to see the most popular volcano – Mauna Loa which is â€Å"the tenth tallest mountain in the solar system at 5. 7 miles tall† (â€Å"Mauna Loa†). Another reason I would like to visit Hawaii one more time is because while I was there, I did many cool things. First of all, Hawaii has some interesting activities to do and experience in nature. For someone who wants to ride waves, Hawaii has some of the best surfing and boogie boarding in the world. I liked hiking to the mountains and took a dip in the Queen’s bath. Hawaii also has many awesome activities to do and experience in the cities. For instance, exploring and eating in Chinatown is another top activity in Hawaii or shopping at the 15th largest mall in United State, AlaMoana Center. I tried some good restaurants in this mall with a wide selection of different ethnic foods, such as Chinese char siubao, Portuguese sweet bread, malasadas and Japanese bento. So, my head was always spinning because there was a lot of things to do and explore. Last of all, some places people treat visitors too bad, they don’t like the visitors, but people are very nice in Hawaii. Their culture welcomes everyone and they use the word ‘Aloha’ to express many welcoming words like hello, goodbye, and many other ideas like I love you. The natives of the Hawaiian Islands are also very friendly and treat everyone like family, and they always smile to the visitors. In summary, Hawaii was the most memorable place that I have with my family. So, I love Hawaii because the wonderful places and welcoming attitude of the Hawaiian people. I hope in the future I can go back to Hawaii to learn more about the culture and explore more things in Hawaii. Bibliography: â€Å"Mauna Loa.† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 28 March 2015. Web. 11 July 2015 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Loa.

Android Mobile Devices 3D Standards

Question: Describe about the Android Mobile Devices for 3D Standards. Answer: Introduction The work has been done on the designing, implementing and the playtest which is a simpler 3D test for the gaming for the Android mobile devices. This is based on the instructions to work for the game for the Mario 3D standards. It includes the legally sourced graphics, sound effects and music where the game should easily demonstrate competency in the overall concepts where the game has been for implementing features from the demonstration and game designing. (Rayes et al., 2016). The work has been done in Unity where the software development has been for bump mapping, reflection mapping, parallax and the dynamic shadows. The specific fall-back specification that allows the Unity to detect the best variant for the current video hardware. The Unity is set with the software development which includes the 3D Mario game with the visuals and music for receiving high praise. Observations during the Play testing For the Mario Game 3D in Unity, there are different challenges which are for the collection of different points. You need to go to the different steps to unlock some stages which is an interesting part to complete the game. My colleagues liked my work and appreciated it as there is something new after every step. The graphics installed in it are interesting as they are also able to play and check on with the mystery boxes as well which are sometimes for the life and sometimes just for the points. (Noblet et al., 2016). The player with maximum points win. The mystery box reset after the amount of the clock reset and there are different layouts which could be selected in the game. The handy item is for the collection of star medals with completing the game by using maximum number of the points which are carried to the next level as well. A proper background voice has been provided in the game to detect and analyse that the timer is going to end and if the player does not complete the s tage, then the player dies and have to play the game again. The Mario game has to be played in a very strategic manner so that one is moving in the right direction with appropriate moves as well. The cooperative gameplay calling back is one of the best feature where there is huge multiplayer platform set to work on the game mechanics. (Silva et al., 2016). The multiplayer experience has been timeline and the designer and player has been able to make it a successful play as well. With the same, there have been certain other next platforms which are surprising but interesting as well for the people to enjoy. The character tracking with proper interaction is with the delightful designers. The delightful designers can cause me lose the track of the character with the appreciating details of Mario game which has been built in Unity. With the holistic 3D game play, it has been seen that there is a need to set the skills with the three-dimensional concepts where the project source code and the art where there are enhanced learning experience. The work has been done in Unity which allows the proper standards set for the texture compression and the resolution settings in effective manner. The detection is through the alternative shaders with the better performance standards. Unity is able to work on the different platforms to control the delivery for the mobile devices, web browsers, consoles and the desktops. (Jimenez et al., 2016). The game has been controlled with the development to work on the forward direction control with the effective time to allow the players for a better experience. The performance is of different types which is times and enabled through the quick completion of the times. The special blocks are for the players who could easily encounter that it is easy to complete the jumps which is mainly for the beginner players. The control of the game is divided by the development team to work on one-time payment with the micro-transaction approach (which is possible) for playing the game on smart phones. The release is with the announcement of the game that shores higher after there have been revenue standards set for the game. (Hainey et al., 2014). Comments of the Play testers There have been distinctive characters which are used in the game where the players also develop the favourites for the characters. It depends on the difficulty level where there is an amazing start to enjoy the playing of the game. The improvement is on the levels of designing where there are certain alternative paths to course and check on pursuing with the same. The start is with the power up requirements where one is able to store the backups as well for the different partners in the game. The multiplayer gaming is a thorough and observant task where it is important to accommodate the other player and one needs to work on the collection rate depending upon how to achieve the same. (Noblet et al., 2016). There have been collections of the different crowns and the points where it is possible to enjoy the multiplayer mode with the effective controller rotation that is presented in the experience. The improvement is with Mario 3D gaming which is worked on through the walkthrough, blu eprint layouts, intro screen start screen game levels, victory screen. The working of the web building with the bug free standards and a better presentation, loss screen with the option to replay, start or qut has been one of the best interactive platform for the user. The GUI and the Interface has been worked on in an interactive manner in the game and the menus for working on the web build structure in an effective manner. (Machado et al., 2015). For the proper setup and designing, there is a need to create the different levels where the goals are important to be set as per the use of the assets availability. The fun and the focus is to add new items where the picking up of an item for Mario add the extra live or Power up. This is an interactive stage where the porting of the brick object is mainly from 2D gaming to the 3D Mario Gaming. The extra credits are for the live combo moves like the turn or the jump, ground pound etc. It ultimately adds to the feedback of the player where the possibility is the flash of the player when it gets hit and an addition of the new art asset to the game with the customised behavioural component. The project description includes the details of the website completion with the Unity Forum standards to handle the project and its details as per the research, art, designing, coding and play testing. (Jimenez et al., 2016). The working has been on the different device activation with the frameworks , game engines and the resources, codeless development platforms. The key resources and the tools is important for the promotional networks that can help in a better mobile support. The knowledge is with the cross platform where there are usual drag and drops which use the simple event based phenomenon. Ideas for improving the Game There is always a scope for improvement in every game where the possibility is set with the community approval before acting upon the idea and making the proposal for the same. The announcement for the reaching of the level with help in defining the stage with more makers in the game for the different levels. A stretch with the weirder toys can be helpful for the game to make it more interactive. The chasing of the same and then working over the different mechanics can help in masking down the chase. (Covarrubias et al., 2015). The missed enemies can be preferred for being added with allowing the world creation at the different levels. The authentic experience is mainly to work on varying level of the designing skills which will be set through the dozens of different people from 1-1 and 8-4. The testing and the rule tweaking process is important for the person shooters with the lower gravity. There is a need to also focus on the levels that start with Mario and before it is possible to receive the bearings, Mario is seen to be dead. There have been different levels of the single-block platforms which works on the momentum turning the same into chore. The levels could easily be set at the fun level where there are tricky puzzles as well but one can also focus on the different checkpoints so that the player finds it difficult to reach the destination easily. The question blocks contains the enemies as well which can be added to the game with the designing that does not give any disincentives for exploring what has been created. The invisible blocks are for the negative purpose where they have been losing the track of the trapping in the jail where the jumps are for the flagpoles. The guess is about the game doors where one can easily lead to the complaints that are categorised in the positive feedback for the surprises. (Janoch et al., 2013). The clever tricks are about the characters to properly handle the players with the activation set without any boss. The ex perience is about the single UI where there are just some stores but one cannot move to the other stage. The bonus are seen to be hidden with the force that you can easily bomb the walls with the bush on the screen. It will also cost the destruction of the doors which is apocalyptic. The quality functioning results in working over the high quality care where one can easily provide the constrained resources in an effective manner. The gameplay is for the Mario Game where the longer the screen is touched, the easy and higher the Mario is able to jump. For the Mobile devices, it is a very interesting game and many features can be separately added to the same. The replay ability comes only from the collection of the normal coins and then finding the special coins at the different levels. The coins are for the collection and then unlocking them to collect the others. The main game is about the ghost versions where the time attack has been set for the different modes to use the buying of items for the creating and customising the standards. The tools and the development is based on different completing levels with different approach where the development of the growth for the mobile market has a major impact on the performance as well. (Demaine et al., 2016). Conclusion The designing is based on the maximised ability, intriguing and the rewarding of the skills and the reactions. It works on handling the gaming where there are different level of designs to work on the failure and success. Unity I also for the projects to control the delivery of the mobile devices, web browsers and the desktops. The physical standards are for the bundling process with the including of full-screen post processing effects. Unity has been worked on handling the 2D and the 3D games which are for the different guidelines. The Mario 3D is for the three-dimensional geometry with the materials and textures rendered for the different surface of the game object. (Ortega et al., 2013). With this, there has been possibility to move the scene freely with the lighting and shadow casting. The 3D games have been for the rendering of the scenes where the object are appearing on screen with which they will get close to the camera. Reference Reyes-Salazar, A., Ruiz, S.E., Bojorquez, E., Bojorquez, J. and Llanes-Tizoc, M.D., 2016. Seismic response of complex 3D steel buildings with welded and post-tensioned connections.EARTHQUAKES AND STRUCTURES,11(2), pp.217-243. Noblet, C., Teisl, M.F., Kashkooli, M., Teisl, B., Corey, R.R. and Giudiceb, N.A., 2016. POTENTIAL TOURISM IMPACTS OF AN OFFSHORE WIND FARM NEAR MONHEGAN ISLAND. Silva, P.M., Martins, L., Pampanelli, P. and Faustino, G., 2016. Why curvature attribute delineates subtle geologic features? A mathematical approach. InSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2016(pp. 1913-1918). Society of Exploration Geophysicists. Jimnez-Hernndez, E.M., Oktaba, H., Piattini, M., Arceo, F.D.B., Revillagigedo-Tulais, A.M. and Flores-Zarco, S.V., 2016, April. Methodology to Construct Educational Video Games in Software Engineering. InSoftware Engineering Research and Innovation (CONISOFT), 2016 4th International Conference in(pp. 110-114). IEEE. Hainey, T., Connolly, T., Boyle, L., Chaudy, Y., Azadegan, A., Soflano, M., Farrier, S., Scott, F., Barbour, F., Roberts, N. and Lawrie, J., 2014, October. Development of an Immersive 3D Simulated Practice Environment for Social and Health Care Training. InECGBL2014-8th European Conference on Games Based Learning: ECGBL2014(p. 159). Academic Conferences and Publishing International. Noblet, C., Teisl, M.F., Kashkooli, M., Teisl, B., Corey, R.R. and Giudiceb, N.A., 2016. POTENTIAL TOURISM IMPACTS OF AN OFFSHORE WIND FARM NEAR MONHEGAN ISLAND. Machado, D.M., Cotelli, A., Galvo, D., Ml, A.C., Carvalho, P.V. and Vidal, M.C.R., 2015. Use Dosimetry Virtual Tool for Security Studies Physics and Nuclear.Procedia Manufacturing,3, pp.1765-1771. Covarrubias, M. and Bordegoni, M., 2015, September. Immersive VR for natural interaction with a haptic interface for Shape Rendering. InResearch and Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow (RTSI), 2015 IEEE 1st International Forum on(pp. 82-89). IEEE. Marks, L.E., 2014.The unity of the senses: Interrelations among the modalities. Academic Press. Janoch, A., Karayev, S., Jia, Y., Barron, J.T., Fritz, M., Saenko, K. and Darrell, T., 2013. A category-level 3d object dataset: Putting the kinect to work. InConsumer Depth Cameras for Computer Vision(pp. 141-165). Springer London. Demaine, E.D., Viglietta, G. and Williams, A., 2016. Super Mario Bros. is harder/easier than we thought. Ortega, J., Shaker, N., Togelius, J. and Yannakakis, G.N., 2013. Imitating human playing styles in super mario bros.Entertainment Computing,4(2), pp.93-104.

A Look at Buprenorphine and its Effectiveness Essay Example

A Look at Buprenorphine and its Effectiveness Essay Example A Look at Buprenorphine and its Effectiveness Essay A Look at Buprenorphine and its Effectiveness Essay Justin Sampson Psych 531 Psychobiology Paper Assignment Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that can be used to treat opioid dependence of various types including heroin, and a vast array of prescription opiates/opioids. It is a drug thats use is relatively new in the field of opioid addiction/ treatment compared to traditional older drugs like methadone and LAAM (Levacetylmethadyl), however the drug itself is not new. Since its discovery by Reckitt Benckiser in 1980 (then called Reckitt Colman) is has been used in low doses ( Buprenorphine has been gaining otoriety in the field of pharmacological opioid treatment as a better alternative to methadone because of its easier availability/dispensability as a C-lll controlled substance as opposed to the more strict and regulated C-ll status of methadone, less side effects, less severe withdrawal syndrome, among many other things (Wesson smith, 2010). The first article I chose to examine, (Awgu, Magura, Rosenblum, 2010) examines two pharmacological treatments for opioid dependence, methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone (specifically, Suboxone) and how inmates in the Key Extended Entry Program (KEEP) at Rikers Island Jail felt about their experience with either drug they happened to receive in a parent experiment. Awgu et al. (2010) describes the parent study, was a short-term clinical trial of buprenorphine that voluntarily randomly assigned inmates to either maintenance with methadone, the standard care of the Rikers Jail, or with buprenorphine (Suboxone) while in Jail, followed with referrals to those respective treatments in the community after release (p. 340). According to Dr. Maugura, the buprenorphine group entered post- release treatment in the community significantly more often than did the methadone group, and were also less likely to withdraw voluntarily from medication while in Jail (as cited in Awgu et al. , 2010). Awgu et al. , (2010) interviewed those participants and used their responses as their data, making this an observational study. Because of the randomization of subjects in the parent study, the present study is able to compare opinions and experiences of similar heroin-dependent individuals receiving lternative medication-assisted treatments. The research being done in this study can easily be classified as applied research. Magura Rosenblum argue that the issue of discontinuation of treatment with and other options need to be made available to lessen recidivism back into drugs and Jail (as cited in Awgu et al. , 2010 p. 345). This study looks at reasons why inmates dont stay with methadone post-incarceration by finding out what exactly they dislike about the treatment, and also explores the relatively new world of buprenorphine reatment and how it might better suit certain individuals, thus keeping them in treatment after leaving incarceration. The conductors of this observational study interviewed the participants of the parent study immediately before their re-entry into society. A variety of questions were asked as to their like or dislike of the independent variable they received, Suboxone or methadone, and the answers were recorded. Some questions asked were open ended where the subject could answer any way they liked and their responses were taken down verbatim, and other uestions required a rating on a five point Likert scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Because of this method, the independent variable would be the subjects responses, and the dependent variable would be the drug group they were assigned to, either methadone or buprenorphine. According to Awgu et al. (2010), at the time of the release from the KEEP program, 93% of patients in the buprenorphine group vs. 44% of methadone patients claimed they play to enroll in their current treatment modality in the community when theyre released (p

How to Tell Your Parents You Want to Drop Out of College

How to Tell Your Parents You Want to Drop Out of College If you are considering dropping out of college, you likely have a good reason: personal, financial,  academic, or a combination of factors. Even though the benefits of dropping out may be clear to you, your parents may have some concerns, and talking to them about dropping out may not be easy. So where can you begin? What should you say? Be Honest Dropping out of college is a big deal, and your parents know this. Even if they suspected that this conversation was coming, they probably arent going to be too pleased about it. Consequently, you owe it to them- and yourself- to be honest about the main reasons driving your decision. Are you failing your classes? Not connecting socially with others? Feeling lost academically? Is the financial obligation too much to bear? If you expect to have an honest, adult conversation about dropping out, youll need to contribute your own honesty and maturity as well. Be Specific General statements, like I just dont like it, I dont want to be there, and I just want to come home, may be accurate, but theyre vague and therefore not very helpful. Additionally, your parents may not know how to respond to these kinds of general statements other than to tell you to get back to class. If, however, youre more specific- I need some time off from school to figure out what I want to study, I need a break right now academically and intellectually, Im concerned about how much this is costing- both you and your parents can have a constructive conversation about your concerns. Explain What Dropping Out Will Accomplish Dropping out has such a heavy feel to it because it is a very serious choice. To assuage their concerns, discuss with your parents what dropping out will accomplish. True, youll leave your current situation, but then what? While withdrawing from your current college or university might be appealing, it should be only one step in a longer, carefully thought-out process. What will you do instead? Will you work? Travel? Aim to re-enroll in a semester or two? The conversation should not just be about leaving college; it should also include what youre planning to do next. Be Aware of the Consequences Your parents will likely have a lot of questions for you about whats going to happen if you drop out. What are the financial consequences going to be? When will you have to start paying back your student loans, or can you put them on deferment? What will happen to the loan and grant money youve already accepted for this term? What about your lost credits? Can you re-enroll at your institution at a later time, or will you have to reapply for admission? What obligations will you still have for your living arrangements? While your heart and mind might be set on dropping out and leaving your current situation, your parents can be great resources for helping you keep your focus on whats most important. The key, however, is to fully engage and work in partnership with them to make the transition as painless as possible for everyone involved.

Data Analysis & Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Data Analysis & Research Methods - Essay Example 263). Apparently, ‘r’ is very close to zero, which means that the two variables have no relationship. In other words, support for the new waste policy has no statistical relationship with the volume of waste produced prior to the policy’s introduction. The other inference drawn from the analysis is that r is positive, meaning that â€Å"as one variable gets larger the other gets larger† (Conover, 1980, p. 263). However, since we have concluded that the two variables have no statistical relationships, then the positive relationship is spontaneous and hence has no scientific meaning (Croxton, Cowden & Klein, 1968). To better understand the correlation of coefficients, it is important to square them to get the proportion of the disparity in one variable that is associated with the variation in the other variable. In this case, the percentage is extremely small (0.00002%), which again adds evidence that the two variables have no relationship. These statistics r eveals that the volume of waste that the staff generated prior to introduction of the new policy does not have any influence in the manner in which they embrace the new policy. Embracing of the new policy, in this case, is determined by question six, which asks â€Å"How many times per week do you visit the central re-cycling bins to deposit waste of the central waste bins?† Question A (b) Assumption: 3 = yes, close enough, 1 = No, too far away (this means that a positive correlation should imply that support for new policy in positively related with convenience. respondent Question 4 Question 6 X Y X*X Y*Y X*Y 1 3 3 9 9 9 2 3 12 9 144 36 3 1 6 1 36 6 4 1 4 1 16 4 5 1 5 1 25 5 6 3 7 9 49 21 7 1 8 1 64 8 8 1 6 1 36 6 9 1 17 1 289 17 10 1 21 1 441 21 11 1 2 1 4 2 12 3 7 9 49 21 13 3 5 9 25 15 14 1 5 1 25 5 15 1 8 1 64 8 16 3 4 9 16 12 17 1 9 1 81 9 18 3 12 9 144 36 19 1 19 1 361 19 20 3 13 9 169 39 21 3 4 9 16 12 22 1 15 1 225 15 23 1 17 1 289 17 24 3 7 9 49 21 25 1 10 1 100 10 26 3 3 9 9 9 27 3 12 9 144 36 28 1 6 1 36 6 29 1 4 1 16 4 30 1 5 1 25 5 31 3 10 9 100 30 32 1 8 1 64 8 33 1 6 1 36 6 34 1 10 1 100 10 35 1 23 1 529 23 61 313 139 3785 511 N= 35 ?X = 61 ?Y= 313 ?XY =511 ?X2 =139 ?Y2=3785 Null hypothesis: there is enough evidence to show that support for the new waste policy was related to the convenience of the re-cycling bins’ location? Perform statistical tests to investigate these questions fully. Correlation(r) = [N?XY - (?X) (?Y) / v ([N?X2 (?X) 2] [N?Y2 - (?Y) 2])] r = [35*511-61*313/v ([35*139*3721] [35*3785-97,969)] r = -1208/790348.4 r = -0.002 r2=0.004 = 0.4% The coefficient of correlation between convenience of the re-cycling bins’ location and support for the new waste policy is -0.002, which means that when the location is more convenient, less people will support the policy. However, the coefficient is quite far from -1, therefore, the two variables are not closely related. The square of the coefficient is 0.4%, which mea ns that only 0.4% of the variance accounts for this relationship, while the rest 99.6% is due to sampling errors. In reality, it would be hard to find people failing to support the policy when it is more convenient, while they support it when it is less convenient. Therefore, we could conclude that the statistical relationship is largely because of sampling errors, and hence not a true representative of what could happen in the population (Rosner, 2000). Is there any evidence

Disucssion Board 4-3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disucssion Board 4-3 - Assignment Example Despite warning Sheila that it may not be in her best interest to disclose these records, she has refused to assert the privilege. By releasing her records, Sheila may be placing herself at a disadvantage in the sense that this involves privileged communication that is antagonistic to the system of justice. Since courts and legislatures have been reluctant to extend privilege to relationships between the counselor and the clients, the other party will be able to hold back information that ma eventually be used against Sheila. Since my obligations regarding confidentiality and privileged communication in this case are a bit unclear, I will have to consult to get some help and more information. In responding to this subpoena, the communication is priviledged, and so the judge cannot order the revelation of the information in court. As such, I will retain this right and not disclose the records, because the communication is recognized by law

This house support mandatory vaccinations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

This house support mandatory vaccinations - Essay Example t only important to us but also very crucial to the citizens since they will greatly benefit from the activities as it is seen that by mandatory vaccinating we are at a good position to deal with future diseases that are greatly brought up by poor vaccination method at the moment. Refutation: Mostly from the research conducted by the government parastatals it has been proven that some diseases are because of UN vaccination .This disease once un vaccinated against they tend to spread from one individual to other. For that reason it is a high time we conduct the mandatory vaccinations to greatly reduce the spread rate. Claim: By vaccinating generally leads to a very health y future generation which is directly related to strong and healthy working force that will greatly stimulate the country’s economy as healthy bodies always are fully of innovations and great working potential. 2) From the motion, it is very formal that for this to be attained the government and its official should always be involved in attaining its missions and visions, thus a strong campaign needs to be done in order to educate the citizens and must always limit the rate of immigration or always be involved in screening the

Horizontal Communication Advantages and Disadvantages

Horizontal Communication Advantages and Disadvantages A barrier to communication as defined by Waltman A communication barrier is anything that impedes the communication process. These barriers are inevitable. While they cannot be avoided, both the sender and receiver can work to minimize them. One of the main Barriers to effective communication is the channel, shown below is a diagram that shows how effective each channel is. A communication channel as defined by Waltman (2010) Communication channels-or the media through which messages are sent-can have an influence on the success of communication In this case the channel that was used by Leigh Randell was a memo so as on the media richness graph it is listed on the bottom half of the triangle which is lower media richness. Media Richness definition as stated in Mcshane and Glinow (2003) the data-carrying capacity of a communication medium including the volume and variety of information it can transmit. By choosing to write a memo Leigh Randell has used a channel that is not as effective as a Telephone call or a Face to face talk to communicate with Tom Ballard. Therefore the impact it would have on Tom Ballard was minor. For instances if she called and explained her idea to him, she could have got an instant reply from Tom Ballard and could have got his ideas also on the strategy she was developing. So this is one of the main Barriers to effective communication. Information Overload The Next Barrier is information overload as defined in Mcshane and Glinow (2003) A condition in which the volume of information received exceeds the persons capacity to process it. As stated in the case study Leigh Randell did not get any information from Tom Ballard. When questioned about the reason why he dint reply to the memo, he answered Too busy this could be a very realistic situation in which case he has so much of work that he cant even reply to memos. This could be a problem in the organization, which therefore have a major impact on the communication process. This problem can be solved to some extent by dividing the organization employees into teams there by dividing the work load. Authority, Gender and Attitude towards the sender In this case we could say that there is a problem of authority, this could be seen by the statement of Tom Ballard Besides, I dont report to her. This clearly shows that Tom Ballard is a person who does not consider ideas from people in the same level or lower levels on his job/field. Because Leigh Randell was in the same level in the organization hierarchy (shown below) Tom Ballard did not want to reply. Organization Layout Model Exhibit: Omega Airlines, Atlanta Organization Hierarchy Also we could see that gender also has an issue in this case. This is clearly seen in the statements by Tom Ballard To busy, Her question was out of sight. There was no time for me to answer this sort of request. Ive got a job to do. This shows that even though Leigh Randell was more senior in terms of experience than Tom Ballard he dint consider it and decided to ignore her memos. This also can be related to the attitude towards the sender which is another barrier that causes a lot of problems in effective communication. No, it dint look like that to me, I also had ideas on how to improve the system This shows that Tom Ballard (male) thinks his ideas are more superior to Leigh Randell (female). This is unfair to Leigh Randell who is going out of the way to help the organization. Horizontal Communication effectiveness Horizontal communication is basically when 2 employees in the same level of the organization hierarchy communicate. And in this case the effectiveness of the communication was very low. Leigh Randell used the communication method show in red three times and had no reply from Tom Ballard. Then she used the communication method (Bottom Up) which is displayed in Green and contacted Alan Brock, which was effective. We can come to an assumption that horizontal communication is not effective because the person is not compelled to reply, unlike top down communication. We can come to a clear conclusion that because of the week horizontal communication the company Organization Communication Model Exhibit: Omega Airlines, Atlanta Communication graph 2. Is anyone wrong in this situation? By what other means could Randell have requested the information from Tom Ballard? What do you think of Tom Ballards reaction? Why? a) After analyzing the case study the wrongs are as follows, Leigh Randell and Tom Ballard did wrong in various ways. First of all focusing on Leigh Randells wrong, she used a channel not suitable for inquires like that. She should have used a channel that has higher media richness such as a telephone call or a face to face discussion. Also she should have switched the communication channel after she sent the memo twice and had no reply she should have got some idea that the channel is defective. But she continued to send memos to Tom Ballard. This is wrong on her part for choosing a bad channel and kept on using the same channel after not getting any results. Next taking into consideration the wrong committed by Tom Ballard, he was wrong to read the memos and not reply to them. By not providing feedback to Leigh Randell, she was not able to continue her work, which could have beneficial to the organization. Also having own idea on the same topic does not mean others have no right to express their views. He was being very self-centred about his thinking method. This could be clearly seen from his comments at the meeting, To busy, Her question was out of sight. There was no time for me to answer this sort of request. Ive got a job to do. So finally we could say both parties committed wrong but more weighted on Tom Ballard for his ignorance and his attitudes, and for Leigh Randell she is been more traditional way of acquiring information. b) Leigh Randell had many other ways and means to contact Tom Ballard such as, Face to face meeting Video Conference Telephone call Using these modes of communication would have had a much more fruitful outcome, because media richness is high in these modes. In other words the variety and amount of information that could have been transmitted is higher. These are the recommended channels to achieve the best results. The more modern modes will be discussed in the 3rd question under recommendations but few of them are as follows. 3G Calls/ webcam Instant Messaging Google Wave Explanations will be in the recommendation part. C) Tom Ballards characters as depicted by his comments are very self cantered and arrogant in a way. This is in one way a disadvantage for him and his co-workers. This can be seen by his statements given below To busy, Her question was out of sight. There was no time for me to answer this sort of request. Ive got a job to do, Besides, I dont report to her NO, It dint look like that to me. You know i.ve also had ideas on how to improve the system for quite some time. Anyway she is going about it all wrong The behaviour shows us a basic masculine instinct of trying to show who has more power, in other words dominance. He felt threaten by her because she was trying to do his job. By Tom Ballards action it is possible to say that he is not a team player and like to work alone. This is totally unacceptable in an organization that needs allot of coordination. Also by his comment You know Ive also had ideas on how to improve the system for quite some time. This shows that he does not want express his ideas on how to improve the company but keeps them to himself. Also showing us, he does not feel part of the company. 3. a) While communicating vertically up or down the organization does not present a major problem, why is horizontal communication more difficult to attain? b) Give your recommendations to improve communication in this organization To explain this the following model is down below Organization communication model Horizontal Communication Exhibit: Omega Airlines, Atlanta Communication graph The arrow displayed in green represents horizontal communication, the green box displays the horizontal communication happening in the organization. The reason it is not effective can be that Problems In Horizontal Communication Solutions Both have equal authority/ same level of power Organization trips Mismatch of Ideas between peers in same level Get-togethers Competitiveness in the organization Organizational Parties Attitudes towards other peers Team building workshops These are problem most organizations faces and have taken steps to increase the effectiveness of horizontal communication. The importance of horizontal communication is explained by Juneja, H (2009) horizontal communication in an organization which is also very important. It is essential that people working at same level should have effective communication amongst them so that there is co-ordination between them. Workers are more likely to be more serious when it comes to communication with their superiors In this case Kent Davis summoned a hastily meeting to solve the issue that had happen in this horizontal communication, showing us that the organization is taking its communication issues seriously. Especially for an Airline which requires allot of co-ordination. For an Airlines or any organization to compete in this modern world they require the best state of the art technology in communication available. This is because communication is a key in achieving any objective. Omega Airlines needs to improve its communication technology to overcome future problems. A quote from an article by Baker, K.A. (2002) , new communication technologies can enable almost every aspect of organizational management and effectiveness, including change management, knowledge management, participative management, innovation, and organizational partnerships and alliances Server/ Database Creation My recommendation firstly to build a Server or Database where only organization employees can access and store all data that can be used by other employees. This will not only speed up the information distribution and communication process but also organize the data in one place so all records can be viewed 24/7 365 days. Source: Google images 2010 Video Conferencing/ webcam/ 3G calls This is a new way that modern companies contact employees, because the media richness is higher in a video call than a normal telephone call. And it is proven than visual communication has a bigger impact or stays in the brain/ memory much longer. Source: Cisco Official Website 2010 Instant Messaging These are Messaging programs that are very user friendly and do not take long to reply. For example when sending an email you have to get the address and then after sending you have to wait for a reply. But with instant messaging software its not necessary, once the person comes to the organization he can login and any message will be sent and replied to instantly. Also the best thing its all free. Source: Google images 2010 Google Wave Source: Google wave website 2010 Google wave is a new technology that is revolutionizing the organization communication process. The description as given in Google (2010) Google Wave is an online tool for real-time communication and collaboration, A wave can be both a conversation and a document where people can discuss and work together using richly formatted text, photos, videos, maps, and more. In other words this plays the roles of an instant messenger, video conference software also it has the features of an email message. This is the future. As a conclusion, by implementing these technologies all aspects of the organization will be improved drastically, especially in organization such as this where communication is KEY. Having technology is one thing but for people to adapt is the difficult part. But all the technology and software that was said here are very user friendly easy to use and easy to update. There by not only will make the organization a better more efficient organization but also an up to date one. And will give an assurance that incident like this between Leigh Randell and Tom Ballard not happen again.

Mobilizing a Nation: America’s Entry Into World War I :: United States History Historical Essays

Mobilizing a Nation: America’s Entry Into World War I Works Cited Missing Woodrow Wilson delivered his now-famous War Message to Congress on April 4, 1917. Four days later, Congress declared war and the United States became a formal partner in the war to end all wars. As the Wilson administration was to discover, however, declaring war and making war were two very different propositions. The former required only an abstract statement of ideals and justifications and a two-thirds Congressional majority; the latter required the massive mobilization of virtually every sector of American society - military, industrial, and economic, as well as public opinion. The Wilson administration sought to accomplish this daunting task in two concomitant and interdependent fashions. First, it undertook an unprecedented assumption of federal control and regulation. The federal government established an array of bureaus and agencies endowed with sweeping powers to regulate the nation’s economy and industrial production. Furthermore, it passed a ser ies of laws designed to support these agencies and to stifle what it deemed subversive antiwar opinion and activity. Second, and of equal importance, the administration appealed to the public’s patriotism and sense of civic responsibility, effectively encouraging volunteerism in both the public and private sectors. Each of these tacks was bulwarked by a pervasive dose of pro-war government propaganda. In the end, in terms of raising an army, mobilizing the economy and influencing the outcome of the war, the administration’s mobilization efforts were largely successful. However, there were significant consequences to the government’s actions, most acutely in the realm of civil liberties, both during and in the aftermath of the war. One of the earliest examples of federal muscle in wartime mobilization was the passage of the Lever Act in August 1917. The act gave the president the power to regulate supplies and prices of food and fuel by creating two new government agencies: the United States Food Administration and the United States Fuel Administration, headed by Herbert Hoover and Harry Garfield, respectively. Hoover and Garfield operated with â€Å"virtually unlimited power† and used the implicit threat of federal nationalization to regulate prices and cajole producers into increased production and conservation (Zeiger, 72).

What are Developmental Assets?

Developmental assets are said to be the positive relationships, standards, opportunities and skill that every young person needs in order to grow up into a caring and responsible adult.According to Mirowsky, as many as 40 developmental assets have been identified as developmental nutrients which all young people need. These are tangible, rational, positive experiences and qualities that are essential to bringing up successful young people. (Mirowsky, J, 2003: 16, 17)In this paper, we are going to measure three major assets namely caring school climate, achievement motivation and cultural competence. Â  All these are related to positive youth development. They bring about school success and also ensure protection from behavior that may risk the youth’s health. The assets bring out the school as the major supporter.1. Caring School ClimateThis is a caring environment provided by the school that is encouraging to the young people. It makes the young people feel comfortable and w anted, hence keeps them away from risky behavior such as fighting and quarrelling.To strengthen this asset, the school should ensure that the younger children are not bullied by the elder ones. The school administration should put in place a programme of mentoring relationships where each of the elder students has a young one to look after.It should also put in place policies to ensure the wellbeing of the students.. When dealing with child harassment cases, it should avoid showing anger or disappointment but instead listen to the students’ point of view. (Metha, A, 2007:10)2. Â  Achievement MotivationYoung people are usually motivated to do well in school in order to achieve their desired goals as well as compete with their colleagues. It helps to avoid idleness which leads to heath risks such as alcoholism and drug addiction.To encourage motivation, the school should initiate rewards to the top performers while making sure to encourage the low performers with small tokens to boost their ambition. To make learning enjoyable, co curricular activities like games should be incorporated in the school programme.3. Cultural CompetenceThis is the knowledge of people of different cultural and the love to make friends of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Young people meet a variety of friends with whom they interact and feel comfortable with. (Ross, C, 2003:24)This should be encouraged as it helps young people to appreciate the personal views of other people as well as the background of people of different ethnic groups and cultures, hence kills tribalism and racism.To encourage this asset, the school should organize cultural events and ensure that there are frequent multicultural experiences for the students. It should integrate value development, service learning and cultural interrelationships into the curriculum. (Mirowsky, J, 2003: 28)ExistentialismThis is a modern philosophy that lays emphasis on the dominance of individual existence. It is the id ea that thought, beliefs and ideas are created by the individual. According to it, each person has the liberty to become whatever he wants, and has the responsibility to use that liberty suitably.In relation to existentialism, developmental assets shape the young people to give them a one can mindset of responsibility and rational thinking. It changes their attitude towards education and they become participants in the development of education as well as their own development.The assets help students to develop good communication skills as they interact with their peers and also as they share different experiences. Finally, the development assets help the young people to express themselves and clearly state their desires while on the other hand understanding and appreciating the different views of other people.

Political economy of agrarian change The WritePass Journal

Political economy of agrarian change Introduction Political economy of agrarian change IntroductionAre redistributive land reforms possible and if so are they desirable today?BibliographyRelated Introduction Are redistributive land reforms possible and if so are they desirable today? Land reform (LR) is defined as a ‘legislation intended and likely to redistribute ownership of current farmland, and thus benefit the poor by raising their absolute and relative status, power, and/or income, compared with likely situations without the legislation’ (Lipton, 2009:124). Thus, land-based wealth and power are transferred from the monopoly control of private landed class to landless working poor. This, however, is far from being universal. LR has had a rollercoaster ride in the toolbox of development strategies from a panacea that would cure all ills and help replicate the successes of Japan and Korea, to venom that destroys property rights and creates unviable production units that lead to agricultural decline and urban migration as it has purportedly done in Latin America. The issue of LR is indeed complex and nuanced. A deeper understanding of LR, therefore, is imperative. This essay discusses the desirability and possibility of LR. On one spectrum, it will argue for the desirability of land reform in terms of efficiency and poverty reduction. On the other spectrum, it will venture arguments for the possibility of LR. It concludes that LR remains alive, active and acts as a beacon of hope for those with limited or no access to land. This essay begins assessing the possibility of LR in contemporary developing countries. It argues that LR is not only possible but an ongoing battle. It is back on the policy agenda of international development institutions since the 1990s and has not disappeared since then (Borras, 2010). It was in the mid-1990s when land struggles caught the attention of the world. Three of these were the most important, the Chiapas uprising in Mexico, the state-investigated land invasions by black landless poor of white commercial farms in Zimbabwe, and the resurgence of militant peasant land occupations in Brazil reminiscent of the actions by the peasant land of the 1950s but much greater in scale and political sophistication (Akram-Lodhi et al, 2007). While the international development community grappled with the meanings and implications of such complex conflicts, trans-national agrarian movements (TAMs) emerged (Borras, 2010).   La Via Campesina (VC) is to be mentioned, beside the Internati onal Federation of Agricultural Producers and the IPC for Food Sovereignty. VC, for example, is an international movement of poor peasants and small farmers from the global South and North, which was established in 1993 as a critical response to neoliberalism and which is still very much active today (Ibid, 2010). VC validates what Ronald Herring (2003) observed, namely that LR was taken off the ‘policy agenda’ of national and international agencies in the 1980s, but never left the ‘political agendas’ of the peasants and their organisations. Herring explained that ‘even dead LR are not dead; they become nodes around which future peasant mobilisations emerge because promises unkept keep movements alive’ (Ibid, 2003: 123). Today, as in the case 50 years ago, severe poverty remains mainly rural with extreme land inequalities. As the World Bank study in 2003 shows 17.8% of the population in East and South East Asia live under 1.25$. The figure however is much higher for Latin America (38.6%) and drastic in Sub-Saharan Africa (50.3%). Further, though the LR thrust weakened from the mid-1970s, observers (de Janvry and Sadoulet,1989) saw factors tending to revive it. First, form the mid-1980s, spreading democracy and political organisation led to civil-society activism, including land invasions to press for enforcement of unimplemented LR laws (Binswanger-Mkhize, 2009). Second, growth of new markets induced many giant, near-feudal haciendas to become commercial farms; turned tied workers from feudal workers into casual, part-time employees, who are freer to press for LR (Bernstein, 2003). Third, in faster-growing countries, urban growth shifted visible poverty priorities at national levels from farms towards cities (Lipton, 2009). Thus, internal dynamics – urbanisation, unequal land and power distribution, and the expansion of democratic-consciousness among the rural population supported, rather than kill, LR in twenty-first century. Since the Mexican revolution of 1910, internal dynamics decide whether LR slows, pauses, resumes or accelerates. Sometimes it was seen as complete, either having reached its limits or succumbed to limitations, mainly underperformance and unpopularity due to collectivist rather than distributives approaches (Olsen, 1971). But in no country did LR quite die or became impossible rather it has resumed or speeded up. Indeed in some countries LR sputtered on with many stops and starts. The timing of slowdowns or reversals varied, from 1910 in Mexico or 1973 in Chile. The timing of resumption or acceleration also varied, from the early 1990s in Brazil to 2006-08 in Bolivia and Venezuela (Sen, 1997). Many huge farms have partly transformed from haciendas to partly modernised commercial farms but gross, growth-inhibiting, and largely inherited land inequality remains unaddressed – making LR vital and crucial as ever. LR, therefore, is not impossible. Much had happened; some is happening now; more remains relevant and likely. Globally, LR recedes and advances, is fulfilled or abandoned, inspires new pressures and programmes or becomes dormant with old ones. Since LR is still not only possible today but also a burning issue, the question now is whether it is also desirable. Opponents of LR, for example, Lipton (2008) argue that with increased expansion of capitalism, large farms become more suitable than small farms – rendering LR superfluous. Worldwide, rapid technical change and globalisation confront farmers with transformed processing and marketing arrangements, often impinging on production. Larger farms are considered under these circumstances as more efficient, thus advantages of smallness are reversed by economic development, globalisation and supermarkets. Moreover, it is argued that LR is internally inconsistent often due to loopholes inserted by lawmakers under pressure from large landowners (Ibid, 2008). LR, so argued, gives ‘too’ much power to the state so that the goal of putting control of land in the hands of the poor is subverted, and the reform abused to extract enforced surplus from rural people, in cluding the poor. Also argued is that LR is politically infeasible because political and social costs of implementation far exceeds benefits of reform (Rashid and Quibria, 1995). Yet, all these arguments considered are as amiss. There are two different discourses arguing in favour of LR. The one is Marxist, positivist, evolutionist, the other, neo-liberal and technocratic (Borras et al, 2010). The one has developed in Eastern and Central Europe during the late nineteenth century; the other after World War II in the technocratic language of development policy. Both traditions have resonances in today’s LR debate, however with competing political ideologies, reasoning, and conclusions. While it must be acknowledged that the debate about LR also includes institutional economics or livelihood economics, a further inquiry thereof is beyond the scope of this essay (Cousins et al., 2010). The main neo-liberal argument for LR lies in the inverse-relationship paradigm (IR) (Deiniger, 1999). The rationale is that small scale farmers are residual claimants to profits and have an incentive to provide greater efforts in the process of production. The reason for this is the following: small farms have advantages in managing labour, but larger farms in managing capital. Capital and large-farm advantage loom larger as a source of higher land productivity in developed, labour scarce rural areas; labour, and small-farm advantage, count for more in developing, capital scarce countries. Griffin, Khan and Ickowitz (2002) conclude that since the ratio of interest rates to wages is relatively low in large farms with access to credit, they tend to adopt relatively more capital intensive method of production. Small farmers on the other hand, so argued, tend to have worse access to capital and therefore tend to economize on it by adopting relatively more labour intensive technology. Sma ll farmers, therefore, generate more employment. Since the factor proportions are typically skewed in favour of labour as the abundant, small farms utilize resources more efficiently. Following this line of reasoning, there appears to be a clear policy outcome; economic policies should be geared towards reallocating land away from large farm holdings to small family farms since it is the most effective means of boosting efficiency and output. The desirability of LR based on IR, however, is disputable. Today, it is assumed that the connection between size and productivity is fallacious – even among neo-liberal economists. While the World Bank supported the IR in 1975, it now claims that ‘land ownership ceiling have been generally ineffective†¦to facilitate the break-up of big farms, and instead have led to red tapes, spurious subdivisions, and corruption’ (Binswanger-Mkhize, 2009). To argue further, IR paradigm suffers from methodological shortcomings semantic relativism. What is a ‘small’ farm? There is no general consensus on this and it varies with each case study on IR. For example, Van Zyl (1996) conducted a study into South African agriculture in which he stated that, ‘significant efficiency gains can be made if farm sizes in the commercial sector become smaller (in Sender and Johnston, 2004:152). However, the definition of a ‘small farm’ used in this study wa s one with over 500 hectares. To argue that a 500 hectare farm is a ‘small’ scale farm is preposterous when compared to a small farm in Bangladesh which normally counts for 1-2 hectare (Khan, 2004). The term ‘small’ is used ambiguously in many investigations into agriculture and productivity. Therefore, until there is a clear definition of what constitutes a ‘small’ farm, it is difficult to accept evidence about higher productivity on ‘small’ farms without a pinch of salt. Second, IR suffers from theoretical limitations. IR ignores peasant differentiation and differences in land quality (Byres, 2004b). Small peasants are not heterogeneous. In each size group, some farms are run and worked by kin, others by employees; some are remote, others peri-urban; some have favourable land, others not, some are well-managed, others not. Simple measures, which regress annual farm output per hectare against farm size, miss out these factors. In statistics term, the ‘bivariate’ IR hides ‘missing variables’, and thus hides ‘unobserved heterogeneity’ within farm size-groups (Dyer, 2004). Moreover, smaller farms may have higher output per hectare, not because of its smallness, but because of its higher land-water quality (Ibid, 2004). Small farm land with poor soil quality can not be a guarantee for higher agricultural output. The desirability of LR from a Marxist perspective, however takes a different stance. According to political economists, LR’s desirability lies in its contribution to the resolution of the agrarian question (AQ). The AQ constitutes the continued existence in the countryside, in a substantive sense, of obstacles to an unleashing of accumulation in both the countryside itself and more generally - in particular, the accumulation associated with capitalist industrialisation (Byres, 2004a).Byres’ definition demonstrates the historical contribution of LR to develop capitalist economies. It was LR that unleashed the forces of production necessary for a ‘primitive accumulation’ by eroding feudal and semi-feudal relations of production and replacing them with a class of capitalist farmers and one of wage labourers. The resolution of the AQ was achieved in a variety of ways, ‘from above’, as in the case of nineteenth century Prussia, where a land owning class metamorphosed into an agrarian capitalist class, or ‘from below’ in America, where peasants differentiate themselves over time into classes of agrarian capital (Ibid, 2004a). To destroy the power of pre-capitalist property class, LR is required. The function of LR in this context, therefore, lies in its contribution as the promoter of capitalism in pre-capitalist areas. Contemporary AQ, however, is centred on the crisis of the reproduction of increasingly fragmented classes of labour within a capitalist system (Bernstein, 2009). Here, the desirability of LR is argued on the basis of securing the livelihood of peasants. Land is seen as ‘a basic livelihood asset, the principal form of natural capital from which people produce food and earn a living’ (Cousins et al 2010:32). Land also ‘provides a supplementary source of livelihoods for rural workers and the urban poor’ and ‘as a heritable asset, land is the basis for the wealth and livelihood security of future rural generations’ (Ibid, 2010:33). Moreover, Kay (1988) buttresses LR by arguing that small-scale farming is multiplier-rich. LR enhances growth for the overall economy because family farmers spend more of their incomes in the locally produced goods than do larger farms, creating a positive relationship between family farms and non-farm incomes in the loca l economy. In China, for instance, access to land enabled peasants to take increased risk and move into non-farm activities which produced the boom in small-scale entrepreneurship (Bramall, 2004). From a Marxist perspective henceforth, desirability of LR not only results in capital accumulation but in improved prospects for the livelihood security of differentiated classes of labour, for whom farming may be only one source of income. So far we have considered the desirability of LR entirely from an economic perspective. Leaving this aside, LR has also major socio-political implications – buttressing the desirability argument. Advocates of political LR, appreciate, for instance, the dissolution of feudal relationships of production and excessively concentrated and exploitative à ©lite power structures (Bhaduri, 1973). While the main goal of land reformers is to enhance the rural poor’s access to land, it is also to reduce poverty, inequality, and to increase liberty (Sen, 2001). Having land on their own, the poor rely less on non-farm employment, emergency loans, or trade with local ‘rural tyrants’ (Hall, 2004) who are almost always major land controllers, but often also employers, landlords, lenders with interlocking market power over things that the local poor can neither live without nor, in many cases readily get elsewhere. Political LR, also include the creation of political stabil ity and peace. In post-conflict situations, this would suggest a focus on provision of land to war-veterans and people displaced by war. In Zimbabwe, for instance, LR focused on white-owned farms and exempted black owners from expropriation (Jacobs, 2000). In post-colonial situations, the political LR also included correcting the racial imbalance in land ownership (Algeria, East-Southern Africa) and empowering members of the new elite (Kenya and Zimbabwe) (Lipton, 2004). Therefore LR, apart from having economic benefits, contributes to unlock many of today’s rural societies from quasi-feudalism. LR – its desirability and possibility – has been hotly debated among various economic ideologies. Yet, in a world of continuing poverty and inequality, slow agricultural growth, changing economic structures, rapid urbanisation, profound challenges of climate structures, and rapid urbanisation, institutions, policies and pressures concerning access to and use of land are as important as ever. In the past century, LR played a central role in the time-paths of rural and national poverty, progress, freedom, conflict, and suffering. Arguing that LR is ‘passà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢- is therefore erroneous. And such thinking underrates the reach of LR. LR, like education or tax reform, is a thrust towards more equitable and efficient distribution. The thrust weakens or strengthens with economic situations and power balances, but does not become impossible. For the next half-century at least, where agriculture continues central to the lives of the poor, the role of LR will not declin e. Indeed growing populations, scarcer land, and the low and falling employment intensity of non-farm growth may well increase pressures for and resistance to LR. Although, it carries the potential for severe land conflicts, it nevertheless permits huge gains, in terms of liberty and peace as well as growth and reduced inequality. Bibliography Akram-Lodhi, A.H., Borras, M. Jr, Kay,C., and McKinley, T. (2007), Land, poverty and livelihoods in an era of globalization.London: Routledge. Bernstein, H. (2009), ‘Agrarian questions from transition to globalization’, in A Haroon Akram Lodhi and C Kay (eds), Peasants and Globalization. Political economy, rural transformation and the agrarian question, London: Routledge. Bernstein, H. (2003), ‘Land Reform in Southern Africa in World-Historical Perspective’, Review of African Political Economy, vol.30, no.96. Bhaduri, A. (1973), ‘A study in economic backwardness under semi-feudalism’. Economic Journal vol.5, no.83. Binswanger-Mkhize, H. P (2009), Agricultural Land Redistribution. Towards a Greater Consensus. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Bloch, M. (1964), Feudal Society: The growth of ties of dependence. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Borras, S., Kay C., and Lahiff E. (2007), ‘Market-Led Agrarian Reform: Policies, Performance and Prospects’, Third World Quarterly, vol.28, no.8. Borras, S., and Franco, J. (2010), ‘Contemporary Discourses and Contestations around Pro-poor Land Policies and Land Governance’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol. 10, no.1. Borras, S. (2010), ‘The Politics of Transnational Agrarian Movements’, Development and Change, vol. 41, no.5. Bramall, C. (2004), ‘Chinese Land Reform in Long-Run Perspective and in the Wider East Asian Context’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol.4, no 12. Byres, T.J. (2004a), ‘Neo-Classical Neo-populism 25 Years On: Dà ©j vu and Dà ©j Passà ©. Towards a Critique ’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol. 4, no.12. Byres, T.J. (2004b), ‘Introduction: Contextualizing and Interrogating the GKI Case for Redistributive Land Reform’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol. 4, no 12. Chimhowu, A. and Woodhouse, A. (2006), ‘Customary vs. Private Property Rights? Dynamics and Trajectories of Vernacular Land Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol.6, no.3. Cousins, B. and Scoones I. (2010), ‘Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from Southern Africa’. Journalof Peasant Studies, vol. 37, no. 1. Deininger, K. (1999), ‘Making Negotiated Land Reform Work: Initial Experience from Columbia, Brazil and South Africa’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, Washington D.C: World Bank. Deininger, K. (2003), Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Dyer, G. (2004), ‘Redistributive Land Reform: No April Rose.   The Poverty of Berry and Cline and GKI on the Inverse Relationship’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol.4., no12. De Janvry, A. and Sadoulet, E. (1989), ‘Path dependent policy reforms: from land reform to rural development in Columbia’, in Hoff et al., 2003, the Economics of Rural organisation: Theory, practise, and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Griffin, K., Khan, R., and Ickowitz, A.(2002), ‘Poverty and the Distribution of Land’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol. 2, no.3 Griffin, K., Khan, A.R., and Ickowitz, A. (2004), ‘In Defence of Neo-Classical Neo-Populism’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol. 4, no 3. Hall, R. (2004), ‘A Political Economy of Land Reform in South Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, vol.100, Herring, R. (2003) Carrots, Sticks and Ethnic Conflict: Rethinking Development Assistance. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Jacobs, S. (2000), ‘Zimbabwe: Why Land Reform is a Gender Issue’, Sociological Research Online, vol. 5, no.2. Johnston, D. and Le Roux, H. (2007), ‘Leaving the Household out of Family Labour: The Implications for the Size-Efficiency Debate’, European Journal of Development Research. Kay, C. (1998), ‘Latin Americas agrarian reform: lights and shadows’. Land reform, Land Settlement and Co-operatives, vol.2, no.7. Kevane, M. and Gray, L.C. (1999), ‘A Womans Field is Made at Night: Gendered Land Rights and Norms in Burkina Faso’, Feminist Economics, vol. 5, no.1. Khan, M.H. (2004), ‘Power, Property Rights and the Issue of Land Reform: A General Case Illustrated with Reference to Bangladesh’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol.4, no 12. Lipton M. (2009), Land Reform in Developing Countries. Property rights and property wrongs. London: Routledge. Manji, A. (2003), ‘Capital, Labour and Land Relations in Africa: A Gender Analysis of the World Banks Policy Research Report on Land Institutions and Land Policy’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 24, no.1. Olsen, M. (1971), The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Peters, P. (2004), ‘Inequality and Social Conflict Over Land in Africa’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol.4, no.3. Rashid, S. and Quibria, M. (1995), Critical Issues in Asia Development: Theories, Experiences and Policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schultz, T. (1964) Transforming Traditional Agriculture. New Haven: Yale University Press. Sen, A. K. (1997), ‘Radical Needs and Moderate Reforms’, in J. Dreze and A.K Sen (eds), Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sen, A. K. (2001), Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sender, J. and Johnston, D. (2004), ‘Searching for a Weapon of Mass Production in Rural Africa: Unconvincing Arguments for Land Reform’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol. 4, no.12. Vergera-Camus, L. (2009), ‘The MST and the EZLN struggle for land: new forms of peasant rebellions’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol. 9, no.3. Walker, C. (2002). ‘Agrarian Change, Gender And Land Reform: A South African Case Study’, UNRISD Social Policy Development Programme, Paper no 10. Woodhouse, P. (2003), ‘African Enclosures: A Default Mode of Development’, World Development vol.31, no.10.

Effects Of National Culture Essays

Effects Of National Culture Essays Effects Of National Culture Essay Effects Of National Culture Essay Since 1988. our universe has changed in a myriad of ways. As absolutisms have risen and fallen and new democracies have formed. the political civilization of our society is much different than in the old ages of the late Cold War. In add-on to political alterations. new engineerings. including the universe broad web and orbiter communications have allowed people in different states to pass on much more efficaciously. This research in this paper is really out-of-date. non taking into history the new market. trade Torahs. involvement rates. or other economical factors of today’s international concern universe. The article. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode. was written in 1988 by Bruce Kogut and Harbir Singh. of the Stockholm School of Economics and the University of Pennsylvania. severally. The writers believed there were several agencies of entry into foreign markets. including joint ventures. entirely owned greenfield ( get down up ) investings. and by acquisition. The writers examined these methods in deepness and analyzed the agencies by which the concerns non merely started up. but operated in foreign markets every bit good. The writers reviewed statistics. informations. and literature. and formed hypothesis as to which methods were being used most. and in what industrial sector ( s ) . The first means that some concerns entered and operated in a foreign state is through the acquisitions method. The acquisitions method entails buying a sufficient sum of stock to command the primary portions of a certain company. This method might be considered buying out a foreign company already in being. However. as currency exchange rates and involvement rates fluctuate on a day-to-day footing. this would be trickier in today’s market. For illustration. 20 old ages ago. the dollar. the Nipponese hankering. the Canadian dollar. and the Indian Rupee were deserving really different sums. More significantly. the Euro was non in usage. as many of the states in Eastern Europe in peculiar. were under communist control. Today. as states have become more cognizant of these fluctuating rates. it might be harder or riskier to come in a market through the acquisitions method. In add-on. free trade Torahs and ordinances besides regulate who can purchase what and how much in a foreign market. The 2nd means is a joint venture method in which two or more houses portion the assets and net incomes of a certain company. Again. the same jobs might be as in the acquisitions method. with fluctuating currency exchange rates impacting net income. For illustration. if a concern operated in both China and the United States. as economic systems changed and foreign revenue enhancement Torahs changed. the company could fall under fiscal strain. The influence of house experience on entry pick has played a outstanding function in several of the surveies using the Harvard Multinational Enterprise Data Base. In their pioneering survey on the ownership construction of American transnational houses. Stopford and Wells [ 1972 ] found joint ventures. relation to entirely owned activities. were less likely to be chosen. the more cardinal the merchandise to the nucleus concern of the house and more experience the house had in the relevant state. Similarly. they found that selling and advertisement strength. every bit good as research and development strength. discouraged the usage of joint ventures. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) This mentality would do sense. as it is difficult to run a successful concern in one civilization. allow alone concern about selling. advertisement. and research costs. It besides would do sense that two states might non react the exact same manner to a concern program and selling techniques. The 3rd agencies of entry is a greenfield. or start-up. investing. wholly new to the foreign market. While some of the challenges of revenue enhancement Torahs. currency exchange. and involvement rates would besides impact this means. the biggest obstruction might be the cultural barriers. Although the universe is acquiring smaller each twenty-four hours thanks to the cyberspace and orbiter communications. 100s of linguistic communications and idioms are still spoken throughout the universe. This might take to a communications job if a alien attempted a greenfield investing. Besides linguistic communication barriers. selling and advertisement techniques would necessitate to be researched in order to be effectual in a new state. The writers argue that joint venture is about a cross between the two other methods. greenfield. and acquisitions. Many surveies. as discussed subsequently. hold treated greenfield and acquisition as stand foring alternate entry manners. with joint ventures being merely a inquiry of the grade of ownership. This attack implies that entry and ownership involve two consecutive determinations. the first make up ones minding whether to put in new installations or to get bing 1s. the 2nd 1 on how ownership should be shared. Whereas such an attack is clearly defendable on both theoretical and empirical evidences. we treat joint ventures as a pick made at the same time with other alternate manners of entry. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) For this ground. joint ventures can be described as a grey country in foreign concern acquisitions. For illustration. if a company bought out another 1. or merged with another company. while retaining some of the concern patterns and/or staff. it would likely be considered a joint venture. The writers theorize that Greenfield entry is the best manner. or at least that was what they believed in 1988. Due to the trouble of incorporating an already bing foreign direction. cultural differences are likely to be particularly of import in the instance of an acquisition. Indeed. empirical surveies on largely domestic acquisitions have shown that post-acquisition costs are significant and are influenced by what Jemison and Sitkin [ 1986 ] name the organisational tantrum of the two houses. They define organisational tantrum as the lucifer between administrative patterns. cultural patterns. and personal features of the mark and parent firms ( Jemison and Sitkin 1986. p. 1471. Gross saless and Mirvis [ 1984 ] papers in item the administrative struggles following an acquisition when both houses differ strongly in their corporate civilizations. In contrast to the integrating costs of an acquisition. a joint venture serves often the intent of delegating direction undertakings to local spouses who are better able to pull off the local labour force and relationships with providers. purchasers. and authoritiess [ Franko 1971 ; Stopford and Wells 1972 ] . Thus. a joint venture resolves the foreign partner’s jobs resulting from cultural factors. though at the cost of sharing control and ownership. Unquestionably. a joint venture is affected by the cultural distance between the spouses. But such struggle should non befog the original motive to take a joint venture because the-initial option of incorporating an acquisition appeared more riotous than deputing direction undertakings to a local spouse. Of class. a joint venture may be troubled non merely by the cultural distance of the spouses. but besides due to concerns over sharing proprietary assets. A entirely owned greenfield investing avoids both the costs of integrating and struggle over sharing proprietary assets by enforcing the direction manner of the investment house on the start-up while continuing full ownership. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) In 2008. concerns would confront some of the same challenges as in 1988. such as the cost of integrating. struggle of sharing proprietary assets. and administrative and direction differences. However. as more and more concerns have gone planetary. most states would hold contracts and attorneies specifying clear parametric quantities on such inside informations. The writers came to this decision by proving two hypothesis. The first focused on cultural differences. Kogut A ; singh ( 1988 ) said that. The greater the cultural distance when the state of the investment house and the state of entry. the more likely a house will take a joint venture or entirely owned greenfield over an acquisition. This hypothesis chiefly focused on the costs of running and pull offing a concern from a greater distance. The 2nd hypothesis as stated by Kogut A ; Singh ( 1988 ) stated that. The greater the civilization of the investment house is characterized by uncertainness turning away sing organisational patterns. the more likely that house will take a joint venture or entirely owned greenfield over an acquisition. As with all terra incognitas. a foreign company could non be expected to cognize the exact manner a concern and selling program would be executed and responded to in a foreign market. Basically. the information found that uncertainness was the chief ground companies tended to shy away from acquisitions and enter the market through a greenfield or joint venture method. This ground would still keep true today as the universe market fluctuates and recessions come and go. The surveies besides noted that the methods of entry into a peculiar market varied depending on the merchandise. service. or industry. There is a clear difference in industry forms among the manners of entry. Joint ventures are comparatively more frequent in pharmaceuticals. chemicals and electric and nonelectric machinery. Acquisitions occur chiefly in natural resources. fiscal services. and assorted fabrication industries. Chemical and electrical machinery are particularly attractive industries for greenfield investings. At a higher degree of collection. acquisitions tend to be comparatively more common than other manners of entry in nonmanufacturing sectors of the economic system. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) The article. since it was written 20 old ages ago. analyzed informations chiefly from the industrial sectors of resource. paper. chemical. crude oil. metal. gum elastic. machinery. electrical. transit. and instrumentality. It had some analysis of informations in communications. wholesale. fiscal. and other services. Now. in 2008. the list would include a batch of new informations for engineering. car. computing machines. and pharmaceuticals. to call a few. The list would besides be inclusive of client service outsourcing. a pattern common among many engineering and computing machine companies. Furthermore. new countenances have been imposed on some natural resources. It may non be possible. for illustration. for a foreign company to come in and command an oil field. a diamond mine. or a rain forest. Such companies might be required to work jointly with a company in the state they wish to make concern. therefore maintaining it a joint venture slightly. In 2008. any analysis of entry into foreign markets would besides advert the oil trade. and the complexnesss that accompany it. As the recent struggle in Iraq has shown us. cultural differences and political challenges may halter easy trade and puting up concern in a in-between eastern state. In the following few old ages. as new cars are developed to hopefully non be as oil-dependent. the market will alter yet once more. Another difference in cars are the inflow of foreign autos to the United States. and the continual race to develop the most fuel-efficient auto amongst rivals throughout the universe. The article analyzed informations chiefly from the United States. Western Europe. and Japan. It found differences based on these states. Again. there are strong differences among the manners of entry. For Japan. 46 of its 114 entries are joint ventures. Whereas Nipponese acquisitions are non common. Nipponese houses have a high proportion of the entirely owned Greenfield investings. Scandinavia and. particularly France. besides thin towards joint ventures. United Kingdom represents the other extreme ; 111 of its 141 entriesare acquisitions. with the balance equally divided between joint ventures and greenfield. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) Twenty old ages ago. the European Union was non in being and many Eastern European Countries were under communist regulation. therefore intending they had really different Torahs. ordinances. and concern patterns than they do today. The Euro was non yet a currency. so trading and making concern amongst European states was besides really different. Besides. the article makes small reference of a really new powerful force in the planetary market: China. As China has made enormous economic and technological additions in this decennary. it has begun to non merely rule the universe market. but besides branch out and make concern in foreign states. This relationship is mutual as European and American concerns are besides looking to come in the Chinese market at the same clip. Another point the article looked at which is really different today than 20 old ages ago is the size of concerns. They sought to understand whether or non larger concerns entered a market normally one manner. while smaller concerns did something else. Obviously. while larger houses may hold had more resources to get. smaller houses may hold had the flexibleness to make so more often. It stands to ground that the larger the investment house. the greater its ability to get. Despite the logic. the empirical grounds is assorted. Dubin [ 1975 ] found that smaller houses tended to get comparatively more often than big houses. though he did non command for other factors. In his cross-sectional trials. Wilson ( 1980 ) confirmed Dubin’s findings. However. these surveies drew upon entry informations of the largest corporations of the United States and other European states. Caves and Mehra [ I9861 survey did non curtail their attending to entries of the larger corporations. Their consequences showed that the size of the entering house is positively and significantly related to entry by acquisition over greenfield. Because acquisitions require by and large more fiscal and managerial resources than joint ventures. size of the foreign firm’s assets should be positively correlated with the inclination to get. Conversely. acquisitions are discouraged. the larger the assets of the American spouse. mark house. or investing size. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) In 2008. this may or non be the same. as houses in certain industries may hold grown and merged. while others may hold decreased in size and divide up into more specific companies. Besides. the loaning patterns and investing patterns are different today than they were 20 old ages ago. so a company may hold more ways through which to get start-up capital necessary for operating in a foreign market. The article besides examined why certain companies may come in a foreign market. Twenty old ages ago. non all states possessed the engineering. accomplishments. or resources needed for some concerns. This caused companies to come in foreign markets to acquire what they were missing in their ain state. The old empirical surveies have assumed. nevertheless. foreign entry was normally for the intent of market entree or low cost fabrication. Clearly. foreign entry into the United States may be motivated in order to beginning engineering or purchase trade name labels. The more diverse motivations of puting in the American economic system make it more hard to subscribe the structural variables. For illustration. houses from R A ; D-intensive industries might joint venture if they possess the needed engineerings but lack the selling deepness. Or they may be given to get if they are puting for engineering sourcing. Similarly. houses from marketing-intensive industries might prosecute in a joint venture if they possess the trade name label but deficiency other resources along the value-added concatenation. Or they may get if they are puting for market incursion and deficiency label acknowledgment. Stopford and Wells [ 1972 ] found that American houses prosecuting an advertising-intensive scheme be given to full ownership of their abroad subordinates. Their informations is drawn. nevertheless. from a clip when American houses were puting overseas with clear strategic advantages. For our survey. it is every bit likely that foreign houses are puting in the United States for engineering and trade name label acquisition as for the development of their proprietary assets. No anticipation is made. hence. on the marks of the coefficients for R A ; D and Advertising. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) . In 2008. as natural resources have been discovered in other parts of the universe and new engineerings have emerged. states that were once chiefly importers are non exporters. and states that chiefly exported. now import more from elsewhere. As the playing field alterations every twelvemonth. it’s of import to observe that states will be go oning to seek for the following best topographic point or resource to assist turn their company. Besides. thanks to the cyberspace and a computer-savvy coevals. it is possible that some states will non necessitate outside aid advertisement or selling. or with brand-name acknowledgment. If the article were to be re-written today. evidently new informations would necessitate to be collected reflecting the alterations of the last 20 old ages. including new industrial sectors. new companies. and more states. The research workers would necessitate to besides distinguish between a few things. First. they would necessitate to look at a specific industry. because. as they stated. the agencies of entry vary greatly depending on the industry. For illustration. one might come in a foreign banking market really different than had they entered a foreign market purely to use their natural resources or labour force. Besides. the article did non look plenty at the cultural facet of the concern universe. It would be derelict non to detect that there are some civilizations who object to aliens making concern in their state and would non react to foreign concern programs. For illustration. the United States and European states might successfully get or get down a concern in China or Japan. yet non be every bit successful in a Middle Eastern Country. In decision. sing the article is over 20 old ages old. and the information was even older. the writers did a great occupation of analysing informations and look intoing concern tendencies and foreign market entry manners. It provides a great penetration into the past and the mentality of the times. before new trade Torahs. instant communicating. and most significantly. new merchandises and services used by people worldwide. As societies change every twenty-four hours. as 3rd universe states become first universe. and new drugs are developed to bring around a myriad of conditions. the lone certainty is that 20 old ages from now. we will be in a really different concern universe as a consequence of our actions today. Mentions Caves. Richard. E. 1982. Multinational endeavor and economic analysis Cambridge. U. K. : Cambridge University Press. Dubin. Michael. 1975. Foreign acquisitions and the spread of the transnational fi. D. B. A. thesis. Jemison. D. B. A ; S. B. Sitkin. 1986. Corporate acquisitons: A procedure position. Academy of Management. Kogut. Bruce. and Harbir Singh. 1988. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode. The Journal of International Business Studies k S. Mehra. 1986. Entry of foreign multinationals into U. S. fabrication industries. In M. Porter. erectile dysfunction. . Competition in planetary industries. Boston: Harvard Business School. Gross saless. A. L. A ; P. H. Mirvis. 1984. When civilizations collide: chromaticities in acquisition. In Pull offing organisational Stepford. J. A ; L. Wells. 1972. Pull offing the transnational endeavor: Organization of the house and ownership. New York: Basic Books.