A Look at Buprenorphine and its Effectiveness Essay Example

A Look at Buprenorphine and its Effectiveness Essay Example A Look at Buprenorphine and its Effectiveness Essay A Look at Buprenorphine and its Effectiveness Essay Justin Sampson Psych 531 Psychobiology Paper Assignment Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that can be used to treat opioid dependence of various types including heroin, and a vast array of prescription opiates/opioids. It is a drug thats use is relatively new in the field of opioid addiction/ treatment compared to traditional older drugs like methadone and LAAM (Levacetylmethadyl), however the drug itself is not new. Since its discovery by Reckitt Benckiser in 1980 (then called Reckitt Colman) is has been used in low doses ( Buprenorphine has been gaining otoriety in the field of pharmacological opioid treatment as a better alternative to methadone because of its easier availability/dispensability as a C-lll controlled substance as opposed to the more strict and regulated C-ll status of methadone, less side effects, less severe withdrawal syndrome, among many other things (Wesson smith, 2010). The first article I chose to examine, (Awgu, Magura, Rosenblum, 2010) examines two pharmacological treatments for opioid dependence, methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone (specifically, Suboxone) and how inmates in the Key Extended Entry Program (KEEP) at Rikers Island Jail felt about their experience with either drug they happened to receive in a parent experiment. Awgu et al. (2010) describes the parent study, was a short-term clinical trial of buprenorphine that voluntarily randomly assigned inmates to either maintenance with methadone, the standard care of the Rikers Jail, or with buprenorphine (Suboxone) while in Jail, followed with referrals to those respective treatments in the community after release (p. 340). According to Dr. Maugura, the buprenorphine group entered post- release treatment in the community significantly more often than did the methadone group, and were also less likely to withdraw voluntarily from medication while in Jail (as cited in Awgu et al. , 2010). Awgu et al. , (2010) interviewed those participants and used their responses as their data, making this an observational study. Because of the randomization of subjects in the parent study, the present study is able to compare opinions and experiences of similar heroin-dependent individuals receiving lternative medication-assisted treatments. The research being done in this study can easily be classified as applied research. Magura Rosenblum argue that the issue of discontinuation of treatment with and other options need to be made available to lessen recidivism back into drugs and Jail (as cited in Awgu et al. , 2010 p. 345). This study looks at reasons why inmates dont stay with methadone post-incarceration by finding out what exactly they dislike about the treatment, and also explores the relatively new world of buprenorphine reatment and how it might better suit certain individuals, thus keeping them in treatment after leaving incarceration. The conductors of this observational study interviewed the participants of the parent study immediately before their re-entry into society. A variety of questions were asked as to their like or dislike of the independent variable they received, Suboxone or methadone, and the answers were recorded. Some questions asked were open ended where the subject could answer any way they liked and their responses were taken down verbatim, and other uestions required a rating on a five point Likert scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Because of this method, the independent variable would be the subjects responses, and the dependent variable would be the drug group they were assigned to, either methadone or buprenorphine. According to Awgu et al. (2010), at the time of the release from the KEEP program, 93% of patients in the buprenorphine group vs. 44% of methadone patients claimed they play to enroll in their current treatment modality in the community when theyre released (p

How to Tell Your Parents You Want to Drop Out of College

How to Tell Your Parents You Want to Drop Out of College If you are considering dropping out of college, you likely have a good reason: personal, financial,  academic, or a combination of factors. Even though the benefits of dropping out may be clear to you, your parents may have some concerns, and talking to them about dropping out may not be easy. So where can you begin? What should you say? Be Honest Dropping out of college is a big deal, and your parents know this. Even if they suspected that this conversation was coming, they probably arent going to be too pleased about it. Consequently, you owe it to them- and yourself- to be honest about the main reasons driving your decision. Are you failing your classes? Not connecting socially with others? Feeling lost academically? Is the financial obligation too much to bear? If you expect to have an honest, adult conversation about dropping out, youll need to contribute your own honesty and maturity as well. Be Specific General statements, like I just dont like it, I dont want to be there, and I just want to come home, may be accurate, but theyre vague and therefore not very helpful. Additionally, your parents may not know how to respond to these kinds of general statements other than to tell you to get back to class. If, however, youre more specific- I need some time off from school to figure out what I want to study, I need a break right now academically and intellectually, Im concerned about how much this is costing- both you and your parents can have a constructive conversation about your concerns. Explain What Dropping Out Will Accomplish Dropping out has such a heavy feel to it because it is a very serious choice. To assuage their concerns, discuss with your parents what dropping out will accomplish. True, youll leave your current situation, but then what? While withdrawing from your current college or university might be appealing, it should be only one step in a longer, carefully thought-out process. What will you do instead? Will you work? Travel? Aim to re-enroll in a semester or two? The conversation should not just be about leaving college; it should also include what youre planning to do next. Be Aware of the Consequences Your parents will likely have a lot of questions for you about whats going to happen if you drop out. What are the financial consequences going to be? When will you have to start paying back your student loans, or can you put them on deferment? What will happen to the loan and grant money youve already accepted for this term? What about your lost credits? Can you re-enroll at your institution at a later time, or will you have to reapply for admission? What obligations will you still have for your living arrangements? While your heart and mind might be set on dropping out and leaving your current situation, your parents can be great resources for helping you keep your focus on whats most important. The key, however, is to fully engage and work in partnership with them to make the transition as painless as possible for everyone involved.

Data Analysis & Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Data Analysis & Research Methods - Essay Example 263). Apparently, ‘r’ is very close to zero, which means that the two variables have no relationship. In other words, support for the new waste policy has no statistical relationship with the volume of waste produced prior to the policy’s introduction. The other inference drawn from the analysis is that r is positive, meaning that â€Å"as one variable gets larger the other gets larger† (Conover, 1980, p. 263). However, since we have concluded that the two variables have no statistical relationships, then the positive relationship is spontaneous and hence has no scientific meaning (Croxton, Cowden & Klein, 1968). To better understand the correlation of coefficients, it is important to square them to get the proportion of the disparity in one variable that is associated with the variation in the other variable. In this case, the percentage is extremely small (0.00002%), which again adds evidence that the two variables have no relationship. These statistics r eveals that the volume of waste that the staff generated prior to introduction of the new policy does not have any influence in the manner in which they embrace the new policy. Embracing of the new policy, in this case, is determined by question six, which asks â€Å"How many times per week do you visit the central re-cycling bins to deposit waste of the central waste bins?† Question A (b) Assumption: 3 = yes, close enough, 1 = No, too far away (this means that a positive correlation should imply that support for new policy in positively related with convenience. respondent Question 4 Question 6 X Y X*X Y*Y X*Y 1 3 3 9 9 9 2 3 12 9 144 36 3 1 6 1 36 6 4 1 4 1 16 4 5 1 5 1 25 5 6 3 7 9 49 21 7 1 8 1 64 8 8 1 6 1 36 6 9 1 17 1 289 17 10 1 21 1 441 21 11 1 2 1 4 2 12 3 7 9 49 21 13 3 5 9 25 15 14 1 5 1 25 5 15 1 8 1 64 8 16 3 4 9 16 12 17 1 9 1 81 9 18 3 12 9 144 36 19 1 19 1 361 19 20 3 13 9 169 39 21 3 4 9 16 12 22 1 15 1 225 15 23 1 17 1 289 17 24 3 7 9 49 21 25 1 10 1 100 10 26 3 3 9 9 9 27 3 12 9 144 36 28 1 6 1 36 6 29 1 4 1 16 4 30 1 5 1 25 5 31 3 10 9 100 30 32 1 8 1 64 8 33 1 6 1 36 6 34 1 10 1 100 10 35 1 23 1 529 23 61 313 139 3785 511 N= 35 ?X = 61 ?Y= 313 ?XY =511 ?X2 =139 ?Y2=3785 Null hypothesis: there is enough evidence to show that support for the new waste policy was related to the convenience of the re-cycling bins’ location? Perform statistical tests to investigate these questions fully. Correlation(r) = [N?XY - (?X) (?Y) / v ([N?X2 (?X) 2] [N?Y2 - (?Y) 2])] r = [35*511-61*313/v ([35*139*3721] [35*3785-97,969)] r = -1208/790348.4 r = -0.002 r2=0.004 = 0.4% The coefficient of correlation between convenience of the re-cycling bins’ location and support for the new waste policy is -0.002, which means that when the location is more convenient, less people will support the policy. However, the coefficient is quite far from -1, therefore, the two variables are not closely related. The square of the coefficient is 0.4%, which mea ns that only 0.4% of the variance accounts for this relationship, while the rest 99.6% is due to sampling errors. In reality, it would be hard to find people failing to support the policy when it is more convenient, while they support it when it is less convenient. Therefore, we could conclude that the statistical relationship is largely because of sampling errors, and hence not a true representative of what could happen in the population (Rosner, 2000). Is there any evidence

Disucssion Board 4-3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disucssion Board 4-3 - Assignment Example Despite warning Sheila that it may not be in her best interest to disclose these records, she has refused to assert the privilege. By releasing her records, Sheila may be placing herself at a disadvantage in the sense that this involves privileged communication that is antagonistic to the system of justice. Since courts and legislatures have been reluctant to extend privilege to relationships between the counselor and the clients, the other party will be able to hold back information that ma eventually be used against Sheila. Since my obligations regarding confidentiality and privileged communication in this case are a bit unclear, I will have to consult to get some help and more information. In responding to this subpoena, the communication is priviledged, and so the judge cannot order the revelation of the information in court. As such, I will retain this right and not disclose the records, because the communication is recognized by law

This house support mandatory vaccinations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

This house support mandatory vaccinations - Essay Example t only important to us but also very crucial to the citizens since they will greatly benefit from the activities as it is seen that by mandatory vaccinating we are at a good position to deal with future diseases that are greatly brought up by poor vaccination method at the moment. Refutation: Mostly from the research conducted by the government parastatals it has been proven that some diseases are because of UN vaccination .This disease once un vaccinated against they tend to spread from one individual to other. For that reason it is a high time we conduct the mandatory vaccinations to greatly reduce the spread rate. Claim: By vaccinating generally leads to a very health y future generation which is directly related to strong and healthy working force that will greatly stimulate the country’s economy as healthy bodies always are fully of innovations and great working potential. 2) From the motion, it is very formal that for this to be attained the government and its official should always be involved in attaining its missions and visions, thus a strong campaign needs to be done in order to educate the citizens and must always limit the rate of immigration or always be involved in screening the

Horizontal Communication Advantages and Disadvantages

Horizontal Communication Advantages and Disadvantages A barrier to communication as defined by Waltman A communication barrier is anything that impedes the communication process. These barriers are inevitable. While they cannot be avoided, both the sender and receiver can work to minimize them. One of the main Barriers to effective communication is the channel, shown below is a diagram that shows how effective each channel is. A communication channel as defined by Waltman (2010) Communication channels-or the media through which messages are sent-can have an influence on the success of communication In this case the channel that was used by Leigh Randell was a memo so as on the media richness graph it is listed on the bottom half of the triangle which is lower media richness. Media Richness definition as stated in Mcshane and Glinow (2003) the data-carrying capacity of a communication medium including the volume and variety of information it can transmit. By choosing to write a memo Leigh Randell has used a channel that is not as effective as a Telephone call or a Face to face talk to communicate with Tom Ballard. Therefore the impact it would have on Tom Ballard was minor. For instances if she called and explained her idea to him, she could have got an instant reply from Tom Ballard and could have got his ideas also on the strategy she was developing. So this is one of the main Barriers to effective communication. Information Overload The Next Barrier is information overload as defined in Mcshane and Glinow (2003) A condition in which the volume of information received exceeds the persons capacity to process it. As stated in the case study Leigh Randell did not get any information from Tom Ballard. When questioned about the reason why he dint reply to the memo, he answered Too busy this could be a very realistic situation in which case he has so much of work that he cant even reply to memos. This could be a problem in the organization, which therefore have a major impact on the communication process. This problem can be solved to some extent by dividing the organization employees into teams there by dividing the work load. Authority, Gender and Attitude towards the sender In this case we could say that there is a problem of authority, this could be seen by the statement of Tom Ballard Besides, I dont report to her. This clearly shows that Tom Ballard is a person who does not consider ideas from people in the same level or lower levels on his job/field. Because Leigh Randell was in the same level in the organization hierarchy (shown below) Tom Ballard did not want to reply. Organization Layout Model Exhibit: Omega Airlines, Atlanta Organization Hierarchy Also we could see that gender also has an issue in this case. This is clearly seen in the statements by Tom Ballard To busy, Her question was out of sight. There was no time for me to answer this sort of request. Ive got a job to do. This shows that even though Leigh Randell was more senior in terms of experience than Tom Ballard he dint consider it and decided to ignore her memos. This also can be related to the attitude towards the sender which is another barrier that causes a lot of problems in effective communication. No, it dint look like that to me, I also had ideas on how to improve the system This shows that Tom Ballard (male) thinks his ideas are more superior to Leigh Randell (female). This is unfair to Leigh Randell who is going out of the way to help the organization. Horizontal Communication effectiveness Horizontal communication is basically when 2 employees in the same level of the organization hierarchy communicate. And in this case the effectiveness of the communication was very low. Leigh Randell used the communication method show in red three times and had no reply from Tom Ballard. Then she used the communication method (Bottom Up) which is displayed in Green and contacted Alan Brock, which was effective. We can come to an assumption that horizontal communication is not effective because the person is not compelled to reply, unlike top down communication. We can come to a clear conclusion that because of the week horizontal communication the company Organization Communication Model Exhibit: Omega Airlines, Atlanta Communication graph 2. Is anyone wrong in this situation? By what other means could Randell have requested the information from Tom Ballard? What do you think of Tom Ballards reaction? Why? a) After analyzing the case study the wrongs are as follows, Leigh Randell and Tom Ballard did wrong in various ways. First of all focusing on Leigh Randells wrong, she used a channel not suitable for inquires like that. She should have used a channel that has higher media richness such as a telephone call or a face to face discussion. Also she should have switched the communication channel after she sent the memo twice and had no reply she should have got some idea that the channel is defective. But she continued to send memos to Tom Ballard. This is wrong on her part for choosing a bad channel and kept on using the same channel after not getting any results. Next taking into consideration the wrong committed by Tom Ballard, he was wrong to read the memos and not reply to them. By not providing feedback to Leigh Randell, she was not able to continue her work, which could have beneficial to the organization. Also having own idea on the same topic does not mean others have no right to express their views. He was being very self-centred about his thinking method. This could be clearly seen from his comments at the meeting, To busy, Her question was out of sight. There was no time for me to answer this sort of request. Ive got a job to do. So finally we could say both parties committed wrong but more weighted on Tom Ballard for his ignorance and his attitudes, and for Leigh Randell she is been more traditional way of acquiring information. b) Leigh Randell had many other ways and means to contact Tom Ballard such as, Face to face meeting Video Conference Telephone call Using these modes of communication would have had a much more fruitful outcome, because media richness is high in these modes. In other words the variety and amount of information that could have been transmitted is higher. These are the recommended channels to achieve the best results. The more modern modes will be discussed in the 3rd question under recommendations but few of them are as follows. 3G Calls/ webcam Instant Messaging Google Wave Explanations will be in the recommendation part. C) Tom Ballards characters as depicted by his comments are very self cantered and arrogant in a way. This is in one way a disadvantage for him and his co-workers. This can be seen by his statements given below To busy, Her question was out of sight. There was no time for me to answer this sort of request. Ive got a job to do, Besides, I dont report to her NO, It dint look like that to me. You know i.ve also had ideas on how to improve the system for quite some time. Anyway she is going about it all wrong The behaviour shows us a basic masculine instinct of trying to show who has more power, in other words dominance. He felt threaten by her because she was trying to do his job. By Tom Ballards action it is possible to say that he is not a team player and like to work alone. This is totally unacceptable in an organization that needs allot of coordination. Also by his comment You know Ive also had ideas on how to improve the system for quite some time. This shows that he does not want express his ideas on how to improve the company but keeps them to himself. Also showing us, he does not feel part of the company. 3. a) While communicating vertically up or down the organization does not present a major problem, why is horizontal communication more difficult to attain? b) Give your recommendations to improve communication in this organization To explain this the following model is down below Organization communication model Horizontal Communication Exhibit: Omega Airlines, Atlanta Communication graph The arrow displayed in green represents horizontal communication, the green box displays the horizontal communication happening in the organization. The reason it is not effective can be that Problems In Horizontal Communication Solutions Both have equal authority/ same level of power Organization trips Mismatch of Ideas between peers in same level Get-togethers Competitiveness in the organization Organizational Parties Attitudes towards other peers Team building workshops These are problem most organizations faces and have taken steps to increase the effectiveness of horizontal communication. The importance of horizontal communication is explained by Juneja, H (2009) horizontal communication in an organization which is also very important. It is essential that people working at same level should have effective communication amongst them so that there is co-ordination between them. Workers are more likely to be more serious when it comes to communication with their superiors In this case Kent Davis summoned a hastily meeting to solve the issue that had happen in this horizontal communication, showing us that the organization is taking its communication issues seriously. Especially for an Airline which requires allot of co-ordination. For an Airlines or any organization to compete in this modern world they require the best state of the art technology in communication available. This is because communication is a key in achieving any objective. Omega Airlines needs to improve its communication technology to overcome future problems. A quote from an article by Baker, K.A. (2002) , new communication technologies can enable almost every aspect of organizational management and effectiveness, including change management, knowledge management, participative management, innovation, and organizational partnerships and alliances Server/ Database Creation My recommendation firstly to build a Server or Database where only organization employees can access and store all data that can be used by other employees. This will not only speed up the information distribution and communication process but also organize the data in one place so all records can be viewed 24/7 365 days. Source: Google images 2010 Video Conferencing/ webcam/ 3G calls This is a new way that modern companies contact employees, because the media richness is higher in a video call than a normal telephone call. And it is proven than visual communication has a bigger impact or stays in the brain/ memory much longer. Source: Cisco Official Website 2010 Instant Messaging These are Messaging programs that are very user friendly and do not take long to reply. For example when sending an email you have to get the address and then after sending you have to wait for a reply. But with instant messaging software its not necessary, once the person comes to the organization he can login and any message will be sent and replied to instantly. Also the best thing its all free. Source: Google images 2010 Google Wave Source: Google wave website 2010 Google wave is a new technology that is revolutionizing the organization communication process. The description as given in Google (2010) Google Wave is an online tool for real-time communication and collaboration, A wave can be both a conversation and a document where people can discuss and work together using richly formatted text, photos, videos, maps, and more. In other words this plays the roles of an instant messenger, video conference software also it has the features of an email message. This is the future. As a conclusion, by implementing these technologies all aspects of the organization will be improved drastically, especially in organization such as this where communication is KEY. Having technology is one thing but for people to adapt is the difficult part. But all the technology and software that was said here are very user friendly easy to use and easy to update. There by not only will make the organization a better more efficient organization but also an up to date one. And will give an assurance that incident like this between Leigh Randell and Tom Ballard not happen again.

Mobilizing a Nation: America’s Entry Into World War I :: United States History Historical Essays

Mobilizing a Nation: America’s Entry Into World War I Works Cited Missing Woodrow Wilson delivered his now-famous War Message to Congress on April 4, 1917. Four days later, Congress declared war and the United States became a formal partner in the war to end all wars. As the Wilson administration was to discover, however, declaring war and making war were two very different propositions. The former required only an abstract statement of ideals and justifications and a two-thirds Congressional majority; the latter required the massive mobilization of virtually every sector of American society - military, industrial, and economic, as well as public opinion. The Wilson administration sought to accomplish this daunting task in two concomitant and interdependent fashions. First, it undertook an unprecedented assumption of federal control and regulation. The federal government established an array of bureaus and agencies endowed with sweeping powers to regulate the nation’s economy and industrial production. Furthermore, it passed a ser ies of laws designed to support these agencies and to stifle what it deemed subversive antiwar opinion and activity. Second, and of equal importance, the administration appealed to the public’s patriotism and sense of civic responsibility, effectively encouraging volunteerism in both the public and private sectors. Each of these tacks was bulwarked by a pervasive dose of pro-war government propaganda. In the end, in terms of raising an army, mobilizing the economy and influencing the outcome of the war, the administration’s mobilization efforts were largely successful. However, there were significant consequences to the government’s actions, most acutely in the realm of civil liberties, both during and in the aftermath of the war. One of the earliest examples of federal muscle in wartime mobilization was the passage of the Lever Act in August 1917. The act gave the president the power to regulate supplies and prices of food and fuel by creating two new government agencies: the United States Food Administration and the United States Fuel Administration, headed by Herbert Hoover and Harry Garfield, respectively. Hoover and Garfield operated with â€Å"virtually unlimited power† and used the implicit threat of federal nationalization to regulate prices and cajole producers into increased production and conservation (Zeiger, 72).